RESUMO Objetivo. Descrever a prevalência da leptospirose nas Américas. Métodos. Uma revisão sistemática e metanálise referente ao período de 1930 a 2017, realizada por meio de busca em seis plataformas: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Lilacs, Embase e Cochrane. Resultados. A pesquisa encontrou 77 publicações, das quais 53 (68%) eram do período de 2000 a 2017. Dos 77 estudos, 62 foram incluídos na análise, da América do Norte (11, equivalente a 17%), América Central (9, equivalente a 14%) e América do Sul (42, equivalente a 67%), e 22 estudos foram realizados em áreas urbanas. A prevalência da leptospirose nos 62 estudos analisados correspondeu a 28% (IC 95% [23, 32]). Os países com maior prevalência foram os Estados Unidos da América (41%), a Colômbia (29%) e o Brasil (21%). Os sorovares mais frequentes encontrados foram Icterohaemorrhagiae (43 de 77 publicações, equivalente a 55%), Canicola (35, equivalente a 45%), Pomona (28, equivalente a 36%) e Grippotyphosa (26, equivalente a 33%). Conclusões. Há variabilidade nas espécies e sorovares de Leptospira, que têm distribuição heterogênea nas Américas e alta prevalência em alguns países, o que destaca a necessidade de ações para controlar a doença.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Describir la prevalencia de la leptospirosis en las Américas. Métodos. Revisión sistemática y metanálisis correspondientes al período 1930-2017, mediante una búsqueda en seis plataformas: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Lilacs, Embase y Cochrane. Resultados. En la búsqueda se encontraron 77 publicaciones, de las que 53 (68%) eran del periodo 2000-2017. En el análisis se incluyeron 62 de los 77 estudios, correspondientes a América del Norte (11, 17%), Centroamérica (9, 14%) y América del Sur (42, 67%), y 22 estudios correspondientes a zonas urbanas. La prevalencia de la leptospirosis en los 62 estudios analizados fue del 28% (IC del 95% [23, 32]). Los países con mayor prevalencia fueron Estados Unidos de América (41%), Colombia (29%) y Brasil (21%). Las serovariedades más frecuentes fueron icterohaemorrhagiae (43 de 77 publicaciones, 55%), canicola (35, 45%), pomona (28, 36%) y grippotyphosa (26, 33%). Conclusiones. Se observa variabilidad de especies y serovariedades de Leptospira, con una distribución heterogénea en las Américas y una elevada prevalencia en algunos países, lo que pone de manifiesto la necesidad de adoptar medidas para controlar la enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Objective. To describe the prevalence of leptospirosis in the Americas. Methods. A systematic review and meta-analysis, in the period 1930 to 2017, performed on a search of six platforms: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Lilacs, Embase, and Cochrane. Results. The search found 77 publications of which 53 (68%) were from the period 2000–2017. Of the 77, 62 studies were included in the analysis, from North America (11, 17%), Central America (9, 14%), and South America (42, 67%), and 22 studies were from urban areas. Leptospirosis prevalence in the 62 studies analyzed corresponded to 28% (95% CI [23, 32]). Countries with higher prevalence were United States of America (41%), Colombia (29%), and Brazil (21%). The most frequent serovars found were Icterohaemorrhagiae (43 of 77 publications, 55%), Canicola (35, 45%), Pomona (28, 36%), and Grippotyphosa (26, 33%). Conclusions. There is variability of Leptospira species and serovars with heterogenous distribution throughout the Americas, with high prevalence in some countries, highlighting the need for action to control the disease.

ABSTRACT: The grapevine phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch, 1856) is the main insect pest of viticulture globally. Infestations can occur in the aerial part of the plant (gallicolae form) and roots (radicicolae form). In this study, the effect of insecticides on the populations suppression of the gall and root forms of phylloxera one vine was evaluated. For the gallicolous form, the thiamethoxam (Actara 250 WG®, 40g c.p./100L-1), flupyradifurone (Sivanto® Prime 200 SL, 75mL c.p./100L-1), and sulfoxaflor (Closer® SC, 40mL c.p./100L-1) were evaluated in the field, under natural infestation, using rootstock plants ‘Paulsen 1103’ (Vitis berlandieri x V. rupestris). For the root stage, an experiment was carried out in a greenhouse using rooted seedlings of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (Vitis vinifera) grown in pots artificially infested with 200 phylloxera eggs per plant. After 80 days of infestation, the thiamethoxam (0.2g p.c./plant), flupyradifurone (0.8mL p.c./plant), sulfoxaflor (0.3mL/plant) and imidacloprid (Proved 200 SC, 0.7 mL/plant) were applied via drench. For the gallicolae form, an application of the flupyradifurone provided a gall reduction of 90% at 28 days after the first application (DAFA). While for thiamethoxam, 3 applications were needed at weekly intervals to maintain the same level of control. For sulfoxaflor, a second application at 14 DAFA was necessary to provide a level of control above 90%. For the root stage, the insecticides sulfoxaflor and imidacloprid showed the best results, with 96 and 89% of control over nymphs and adults, respectively. The insecticides flupiradifurone and sulfoxaflor are suitable for the chemical control of phylloxera in the vine.

RESUMO: A filoxera-da-videira Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch, 1856) é o principal inseto-praga da viticultura mundial. As infestações podem ocorrer na parte aérea (forma galícola) e raízes (forma radícola). Neste trabalho foi avaliado o efeito de inseticidas na supressão de populações da forma galícola e radícola da praga em videira. Para a fase galícola, os inseticidas thiamethoxam (Actara 250 WG®, 40g p.c/100L-1), flupiradifurona (Sivanto® Prime 200 SL, 75mL p.c/100L-1) e sulfoxaflor (Closer® SC, 40mL p.c/100L-1) foram avaliados a campo, sob infestação natural, utilizando plantas do porta-enxerto ‘Paulsen 1103’ (Vitis berlandieri x V. rupestris). Para a fase radícola foi conduzido um experimento em casa-de-vegetação a partir de mudas enraizadas de ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (Vitis vinifera) cultivadas em vasos infestados artificialmente com 200 ovos da filoxera por planta. Após 80 dias da infestação, os inseticidas thiamethoxam (0,2g p.c./planta), flupiradifurona (0,8mL p.c. /planta), sulfoxaflor (0,3mL/planta) e imidacloprido (Provado 200 SC, 0,7 mL/planta) foram aplicados via drench. Para a fase galícola, uma aplicação do inseticida flupiradifurona proporcionou uma redução de galhas de 90% aos 28 dias após a primeira aplicação (DAPA). Enquanto que para o thiamethoxam, foram necessárias três aplicações em intervalos semanais para manter o mesmo nível de controle. Para o sulfoxaflor, foi necessária uma segunda aplicação aos 14 DAPA, para proporcionar um nível de controle acima de 90%. Para a fase radícola, os inseticidas sulfoxaflor e imidacloprido apresentaram os melhores resultados, com 96 e 89% de controle sobre ninfas e adultos respectivamente. Os inseticidas flupiradifurona e sulfoxaflor são alternativas aos neonicotinoides (imidacloprido e thiametoxam) para a supressão populacional da filoxera na cultura da videira.

Abstract Bartonella are rodent-borne bacteria that cause varied human etiologies. Studies on synanthropic rodents are rare, causing gaps in epidemiological knowledge. We tested bloodclot samples from 79 rats from an urban slum in Salvador, Brazil through PCR targeting gltA gene. Nine samples (11.4%) were positive: six had 100% identity with Bartonella sp. isolate JF429580 and 99.5% with B. queenslandensis strain AUST/NH8; three were 100% identical to isolate JF429532 and 99.7% to B. tribocorum. This is the second report on urban rat Bartonella indicating bacterial circulation at detectable rates. Its presence in rats from vulnerable human settlements demands public health attention.

RESUMO: Este estudo analisou a eficácia do uso de diferentes níveis de um produto à base de cipermetrina a 6% e citronela a 2%, na produção de frangos de corte e no controle do cascudinho (Alphitobius diaperinus). Um total de 648 pintos de um dia de idade (Cobb®) foram distribuídos em três câmaras com os tratamentos (sem aplicação do produto comercial - controle, e duas concentrações do produto comercial - 2,00 e 3,33g/m2) em oito repetições com 27 aves cada. O produto comercial a base de cipermetrina foi aplicado nas câmaras com um atomizador. A população de cascudinho foi amostrada semanalmente (1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias do experimento) usando armadilhas, em três pontos (frente, meio e fundo) de cada parcela. Foram avaliados o desempenho, rendimentos de carcaça e cortes. Aos 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias do experimento, o número de adultos e larvas de cascudinho foi menor nos grupos de tratamento envolvendo 2,00 e 3,33g/m2 do produto quando comparado ao grupo controle. No primeiro e no 14º dia do estudo, o número de cascudinhos adultos foi menor no grupo tratado com 3,33g/m2 do produto em comparação ao grupo controle, embora os resultados não tenham diferido estatisticamente daqueles obtidos com 2,00g/m2 do produto. A conversão alimentar de 1 a 21 dias de idade foi significativa, com os melhores resultados para essa variável quando aplicado 3,33g do produto por metro quadrado e no tratamento controle. Em conclusão, a aplicação do produto comercial em ambas as concentrações (2,00 e 3,33g/m2) foi eficaz no combate a adultos e larvas de Alphitobius diaperinus e, não influenciou o desempenho.

ABSTRACT: This study analysed the effectiveness of using different levels of a product based on 6% cypermethrin and 2% citronella on broiler production and control the lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus). A total of 648 one-day-old chicks (Cobb®) which were allocated to one of three treatments (no application of the commercial product - control, and two concentrations of the product 2.00 and 3.33g/m2) in eight replicates with 27 birds each. The commercial product, which was based on cypermethrin was applied in the chambers with an atomizer. The lesser mealworm population was sampled weekly (1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of the experiment) using traps, at three points (front, middle and back) inside the pen. The performance, carcass and cut yields were evaluated. At 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of the experiment, the number of lesser mealworm adults and larvae was lower in the treatment groups involving 2.00 and 3.33g/m2 of the product than in the control group. On the first and 14th days of the study, the number of lesser mealworms adults was lower in the group treated with 3.33g/m2 of the product compared to the control group, although the results did not differ statistically from those obtained with 2.00g/m2 of the product. In conclusion, the application of the commercial product at both concentrations (2.00 and 3.33g/m2) was effective in combating Alphitobius diaperinus adults and larvae, and the performance was not influenced by treatments.

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to investigate the effect of selective feeding habits on the quality of the ingested diet and the effect of feed restriction on the selectivity and behavior of goats in feedlots. Differences were found only in the amount of feed given to the animals, with a difference in the amount of feed rejected as a function of the nutritional level. Higher levels of orts were measured for those animals that received the ad libitum diet. For the composition of orts, differences were measured only in the ether extract fraction. Animals fed the ad libitum diet increased their intake of ether extract and energy, crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber. Thus, they had a preference for consuming the fibrous and energetic portions of the diet to the detriment of the mineral matter. The granulometry influenced the leftovers for the male and female treatments only in the diet that contained the 2.00- and 0.063-mm sized particles, with larger leftovers for the females. There were statistical differences as a function of feeding level for time spent in rumination, with stereotypical behavior, and in time spent standing up or lying down. As a function of sex, the differences were the same variables, including the time spent with agonistic behavior. Animals that received the ad libitum diet had a greater gain and final weight, whereas the animals that received the 60% restricted diet had the lowest performance, as did the females. Feed restriction changed the natural feeding behavior of goats, with smaller feed particles preferred. The feed restriction and sex also influenced the time spent on nonproductive activities, and the animals became more restless, with females having a higher social behavior than males.

RESUMO O objetivo com este trabalho foi avaliar estratégias de suplementação sobre o consumo de suplemento, comportamento e desempenho de novilhos zebuínos mantidos em pastagem de capim-marandu (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu) diferido. Foi utilizado delineamento inteiramente casualizado para testar cinco estratégias de suplementação: sal mineral (SM), sal proteinado com 25% de ureia (SP) e três multimisturas (45,5% NDT) com 10% (MM10), 15% (MM 15), ou 20% (MM20) de ureia. Foram utilizados vinte novilhos com peso inicial 300±24,9kg, sendo quatro por tratamento, mantidos em cinco piquetes de 3,4ha rotacionados semanalmente, de julho a outubro de 2010. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA, usando o Teste de Tukey para comparar as médias (P<0,05); entretanto, a análise econômica determinou a melhor estratégia. A ingestão de suplementos foi alterada (P<0,05) pela estratégia de suplementação, sendo de: 106, 196, 852, 666 e 400 g/animal/dia para SM, SP, MM10, MM15 e MM20, respectivamente. O aumento do consumo de suplementos não alterou o tempo de pastejo ou ruminação/ócio (P>0,05). SM resultou em perda de peso (-137 g/animal/dia). Utilizando-se o SP praticamente manteve o peso dos novilhos. Entretanto, para obtenção de ganho de peso, as multimisturas devem ser utilizadas (P<0,05). Nesses casos, o ganho de peso diário chegou a 324 g/animal (MM10). Baseado nos resultados econômicos, a melhor estratégia foi MM20, seguida de MM10.

SUMMARY The objective of this work was to evaluate different supplementation strategies on supplement intake, behavior, and performance of beef steers grazing stockpiled palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu) pastures. There was used a completely randomized design trial to test five supplementation strategies: commercial mineral (SM), mineral plus25% of urea (SP), and three multimixtures (45.5% TDN) with 10% (MM10), 15% (MM 15), or 20% (MM20) of urea. Twenty zebuine steers weighting 300±24.9 kg of initial body weight, being four animals per treatment, were raised on five paddocks of 3.4 hectares under weekly rotation, from July to October of 2010. Data were submitted to ANOVA, using Tukey′s test to compare average values (P≤0.05); however, economic analysis determined the best strategy. Supplementation did not affect the grazing or rumination/resting time (P>0.05). The intake of supplements was affected (P<0.05) by supplementation strategy, being 106, 196, 852, 666, and 400 g/day for SM, SP, MM10, MM15, and MM20, respectively. SM resulted in losing weight (-137 g/animal/day). Using SP practically maintained the cattle weight. However, if gains are desired, multimixtures should be used (P<0.05). In those cases, daily weight gain reached 324 g/animal (MM10). Based on economic analysis, the best strategy was MM20, followed by MM10.

RESUMO: O polvilho azedo é um amido naturalmente modificado, produzido por fermentação e seco ao sol, atingindo a propriedade de expansão. Produtos de panificação a partir do polvilho azedo podem ser preparados sem a adição de leveduras e são livres de glúten. O processo fermentativo tem sido exaustivamente estudado, mas as águas residuais com elevada acidez e ricas em compostos orgânicos derivados da degradação do amido, requerem futuros trabalhos. Neste estudo, a estrutura dos sólidos presentes nesse efluente foi estudada vislumbrando futuras aplicações para estes novos materiais. Os sólidos contidos na água residual foram secos em spray dryer com maltodextrina (MD), com equivalente de dextrose (DE) de 5 e 15. A estrutura das partículas foi observada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Uma estrutura regular com arranjo em rede foi observada para o material seco com MD DE 5, em características que diferem das estruturas do amido nativo e do amido fermentado, o que sugere uma nova e regular organização estrutural com futuras aplicações a serem determinadas.

ABSTRACT: Sour cassava starch is a naturally modified starch produced by fermentation and sun drying, achieving the property of expansion upon baking. Sour cassava starch' bakery products can be prepared without the addition of yeast and it is gluten free. The fermentation process associated with this product has been well studied, but the wastewater, with high acidity and richness in other organic compounds derived from starch degradation, requires further investigation. In this study, the structure of solids present in this residue was studied, seeking to future applications for new materials. The solids of the wastewater were spray dried with maltodextrin (MD) with dextrose equivalent (DE) of 5 and 15 and the structure of the powder was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. A regular structure with a network arrangement was observed for the dried material with MD of 5 DE, in contrast to the original and fermented starches structure, which suggests a regular organization of this new material, to be studied in future applications.

ABSTRACT The use of cover crops has recently increased and represents an essential practice for the sustainability of no-tillage systems in the Cerrado region. However, there is little information on the effects of nitrogen fertilization and cover crop use on nitrogen soil fractions. This study assessed changes in the N forms in soil cropped to cover crops prior to corn growing. The experiment consisted of a randomized complete block design arranged in split-plots with three replications. Cover crops were tested in the plots, and the N topdressing fertilization was assessed in the subplots. The following cover species were planted in succession to corn for eight years: Urochloa ruziziensis, Canavalia brasiliensis M. ex Benth, Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp, and Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. After corn harvesting, the soil was sampled at depths of 0.00-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m. The cover crops showed different effects at different soil depths. The soil cultivated with U. ruziziensis showed higher contents of total-N and particulate-N than the soil cultivated with C. cajan. Particulate-N was the most sensitive to changes in the soil management among the fractions of N assessed. The soil under N topdressing showed a lower content of available-N in the 0.10-0.20 m layer, which may be caused by the season in which the sampling was conducted or the greater uptake of the available-N by corn.